Gender Identity Disorders ( Gids ) - 1403 Words

â€Å"Before I knew I was transsexual, I went through years of pain... It’s only now that I’m living as a woman that I finally feel comfortable with myself† (â€Å"Real Lives - Three Transsexuals†). This quote, from a male-to-female transsexual individual who was living as a woman while waiting to qualify for gender re-assignment surgery (GReS), shows the pain that those who struggle with gender identity disorders (GIDS) undergoi while â€Å"trapped† in the physical and social constraints of living as their original gender, as well as the relief that comes with living as a member of their â€Å"true† gender. Some may argue that use of surgery for purposes of treating gender identity disorders is morally unacceptable since trans sexuality does not belong†¦show more content†¦Many transgender reform advocates argue that trans sexuality is not a mental disorder, but a physical problem, which can be fixed by means of a combination of phy sical surgery that is designed to change the body. Whether trans sexuality is viewed as a mental disorder or whether it is viewed as simply another category of gender that should be accepted by society as appropriate, the moral tension on the issue of GRES remains strong since GReS is an invasive surgery that requires tons of medical resources that may be put to better use for something more urgent and serious. Two ideas of trans sexuality are that it is a primarily psychiatric disorder and that it is a primarily physical disorder. Gender identity disorder has been classified as a psychiatric disorder in the handbook for psychiatric disorders since 1980 (Abraham). Gender identity disorder or trans sexuality involves a strong, long identification with another gender, a long concern about the sex assigned to the individual biologically and clinically significant discomfort or impairment at work, in social situations, or other important areas of life (American Psychological Association ). Transgender surgery has its flaws, but it can completely change the individual for the better in their psychiatric aspect. Bruce Jenner, an Olympic gold medalist, now referred to as Caitlyn, was once seen as the greatest athlete in the world and

Victorianism Versus Modernism Free Essays

Matias Gutierrez Mrs. Smith World Literature 21 December 2012 OLD*******8 Victorianism in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Victorianism Versus Modernism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hyde and Modernism in The Metamorphosis Victorianism is about how the individual could improve the society. They believed that a good individual could make the society better as a whole and therefore improve life. Victorians focused on science and the desire for extremely realistic portrayal of life in both literature and art. Some aspects of Victorian thinking were retained while others were discarded in a new movement called Modernism. Modernists focus on the individual but have the view that humans are beings without free will and that they do not look for guidance within them, but instead are driven by factors outside of them. According to Modernist thinking, an individual is molded by the external factors that surround him. Therefore the way the society already is will affect the individual and Modernism tries to portray the effects of this. Each style captures something about the individual in the society. As mentioned above, Victorianism and Modernism both focus on the individual and the society. An example of this from a Victorian perspective is, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, written by Robert Louis Stevenson. This novel zooms in on the view of the morality in people and society, incorporating science as well. Both of these aspects were vital to Victorian thinking. Victorian period began during the reign of Queen Victoria, which lasted between 1837-1901. During this period the sciences went through a major revival. Both of these ideals are demonstrated in Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. This novel accurately captures the ideals and behaviors occurring at the time with extreme detail and realism. â€Å"A certain sinister block of building thrust forward its gable on the street. It was two stories high; showed no window, nothing but a door†¦ The door, which was equipped with neither bell nor knocker, was blistered and distained† (2). Victorianism’s desire for the utmost detail on even the most routine things was demonstrated in most novels during the period. The extreme realism creates a better picture of society and how things are occurring during the lives of the individuals living then. The notion of morality and science were also in Robert Louis Stevenson’s novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. This is a story of a respected doctor’s attempt to separate the two different aspects of human nature, good and bad. Dr. Jekyll who is depicted as a moral and decent gentleman, who participates in charity work and has the reputation of being a courteous doctor, personifies the good aspect. His experiment is to try to purify his good-natured self from his â€Å"wild and depraved† side. His experiment goes awry instead Jekyll liberates his primal, deprave and criminal side taking the name of Mr. Hyde. Hyde is a â€Å"troglodyte,† a primitive creature who asks on instinct instead of conscious and moral decisions. His reputation as an animal grows as he commits crime after crime. Hyde takes his immorality to the limit. He is the complete opposite of Jekyll. The scene when Hyde takes the potion to transform him backs to Jekyll, â€Å"He put the glass to his lips, and drank at one gulp. A cry followed; he reeled, staggered, clutched at the table and held on, staring with injected eyes, gasping with open mouth; and as I looked there came, I thought, a change—he seemed to swell—his face became suddenly black and the features seemed to melt and alter—and at the next moment †¦pale and shaken, and half fainting, and groping before him with his hands, like a man restored from death—there stood Henry  Jekyll! † (40). (Stevenson) This scene demonstrates that alchemy and science were heavily pursued during this time. Science was on the rise again during this period and Dr. Jekyll was testing everything that science could do for the society and through his testing and experimenting Jekyll changes to Hyde who is the bane of society. His scientific experiment helps show society that one bad individual could alter the â€Å"good life† of society. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde showed people that being a good person is the best thing to do for society and for the individual. The reason Jekyll is a good example to show the Victorian qualities of science exploration and the effects the individual has on the world is explained by Masao, â€Å" In this society of respectables Dr. Jekyll stands out as â€Å"the very pink of the proprieties†(Chap. 1). Although his studies, like those of Faust and Frankenstein before him, tend toward â€Å"the mystic and the transcendental† (Ch. 10), he still manages to maintain a considerable scientific reputation. And yet, despite Jekyll’s social role-in fact, because of it-it is Jekyll who brings for Mr. Hyde. † (Masao 470-480) Masao explains why Jekyll underwent his transformation and how science heavily influenced his thinking to try this experiment. Masao also explains that science is possible through the well-mannered people of the time and their questioning of ways to improve society. The Modernism Period was about the individual and that the individual could not really change society. The Modernist literary period was marked by the reactions and sentiments towards global change and tragedy. The Modernist movement began around 1890 and lasted to 1945. Now during this time the World Wars wreaked havoc on the most culturally, technological, and industrialized parts of the world; which caused people to want to create order out chaos, or just to lose hope or alienate themselves which gave rise to Existentialism. With the creation of Modernism, came Magical Realism, Existentialism, and a break against the traditional styles of the past. One Modernist writer who accomplished all of the criteria for Modernism is Franz Kafka. Kafka, who was a very troubled man during his lifetime, clearly showed the affect his life had influenced him in his writing. Kafka was severely depressed at times and would express his feelings in certain stories of his such as In the Penal Colony and The Metamorphosis. Kafka would make his characters suffer his torment in a fantasy, magical realism way. He would invent new places and put no happiness or positive emotion in them. He would make his work reflect his depressive state of mind. Many writers would explore traumatic or negative situations because during this time period that’s all there was. War heavily influenced the Modernist movement. Another story of Kafka, Metamorphosis shows how constantly living in a depressive state or war torn area can affect the people in those areas. In Kafka’s Metamorphosis, he introduces the main character Gregor Samsa as, â€Å" a commercial traveler† (89). Samsa is also described to be a hard worker who works his shift to pay back the debt his parents incurred. Before Gregor is transfigured, he is the primary breadwinner for his family who just accepts his duty and will do his best to fulfill it. After his transfiguration, he again doesn’t even question why, how it happened, or how he can fix his predicament he has awoken to. He goes on trying to make life the best it can be. The opening line of Metamorphosis, â€Å"As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed in his bed nto a gigantic insect† (89) (Kafka). Now as he realizes his alteration, he is totally unaffected by it. He continues thinking about how he will be able to make money for his family, even though there is no possible way he can help his family now. Kafka shows his sense of alienation and despair in reality through the lack of emotion in Gregor. It shows in the text that Kafka is deeply affected by his depression. Moderni sm is marked by the separation of morality or positive social criticism that was present in Victorian writing. However Modernism breaks from Victorian by showing that the individual is more important to think about because Kafka shows what happens when the individual disregards it when thinking how to provide for the society. Kafka’s illustration of the society recognizing how it can not help or change the society is shown also in the interpretation of Nina Straus, who writes that, â€Å"Kafka sought to escape by way of ambiguous writings and from which Gregor escapes through his transformation into an insect is Kafka’s image of an unequivocal, completely virile and powerful body. In contrast, we must imagine Kafka’s own body, a body with which he felt â€Å"nothing could be achieved† (29), and that body’s imagistic parallel in the â€Å"pitifully thin †¦ legs† of the insect Gregor, waving â€Å"helplessly† around a â€Å"bulk† that is â€Å"divided into stiff arched segments† (67). †¦Ã¢â‚¬ My body is too long for its weakness, it has no fat whatsoever for creating a beneficial warmth, for maintaining an inner fire, no fat from which the mind could someday nourish itself beyond its daily need without damaging the whole. How shall the weak heart †¦ manage to push the blood through the entire length of these legs? † The description shows how weak Kafka was during his life. He would rather try to improve himself than try to improve the flawed society that was being ravished by war, loss, despair and alienation. Victorianism and Modernism both focused on the individual and the society however they had very differing ideas about which was better to focus on. Victorians believed that helping the society was more important than focusing solely on the individual. A healthy and good person was extremely beneficial to the society and the way of life at the time. However introspection was not really praised but studying science was. Science was the way to improve society therefore Victorians were behind it completely. They wanted the best society possible even if that meant sacrificing some introspection and self-enlightenment, which Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde demonstrates perfectly. Modernism, however, had given up on society. There was nothing the individual could do to improve his way of life. Their was set and nothing could change it. Modernists were particularly depressed with this thinking but it was heavily influenced by the World Wars. Kafka affected by this depression coped by creating Magical Realism as an escape from reality even though Metamorphosis still shows the flaws in society. Both of these styles have differing views on society and how society can make life better. Victorians were the first to believe that a healthy society meant good individuals but Modernists show that society will be flawed and there is nothing the individual can do to change this fact. Works Cited Masao, Miyoshi. â€Å"Dr. Jekyll and the Emergence of Mr. Hyde. †Ã‚  College English. 27. 6 (1966): 470-480. Print. ;http://www. jstor. org/stable/374021;. Straus, Nina. â€Å"Transforming Franz Kafka’s â€Å"Metamorphosis. †Ã‚  University of Chicago Press. 14. 3 (1989): 651-667. Print. http://www. jstor. org/stable/3174406. Stevenson, Robert Louis . The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Roslyn: Dover Thrift Editions, 1991. Print. Kafka, Franz. The Complete Stories. New York: Schocken Books Inc. , 1971. Print. How to cite Victorianism Versus Modernism, Essay examples

Ethical Leader Decision Making In Education â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Ethical Leader Decision Making In Education? Answer: Introduction This essay mainly focuses on the various strategies for the development of the leadership theories. It focuses on the strength and weakness in an individual to develop and enhance the leadership capability of the leader in an organization. A detailed analysis of the leader has been discussed in the essay. It has been seen how a leader utilizes the political competencies, organizational competencies and team building competencies in order to build up a strong team which will help in the growth of the organization and thereby help in the growth of the society. The main purpose of this essay is to study the role of a leader and relate those qualities with me. The evolution of a leader throughout ages and the role of the same in upcoming years is the main aim of the journal (Arnold, Beauchamp and Bowie 2013). A leader is someone who guides the team. He is someone who leads the people and we follow them, they have the capacity to motivate the people and help the people to move towards the betterment of the society. To be an efficient leader, one has to imbibe certain skills and qualities within us, so that we can help in the contribution of the organization and to serve the society at large. A leader is able to motivate the people and make them move in a positive direction. The leader focuses on forming a strong bond with the people who will develop a quality in their way of thinking and how they will live. A great leader is someone who is able to influence the people all over and change their perspective for the betterment (Boatright 2012). Application of appropriate conceptual framework or models and theories on Leadership According to Douglas McGregor a psychologist and a Management professor said about two different approaches, which he named as Theory X and Theory Y. In both the theory he talks about involvement of the employees in the organization and their effectiveness which leads to growth and it does form an integral part of the organization. Theory X tells that Hell or high water, we are going to get it done. He motivates the employee that whatever the situation may have arose, we will achieve success. Theory Y tells that I need your help how are we going to do this? We can see in both the situation he is saying we and thereby helping in involving the employees. To be an effective leader it is very important to identify the leadership theory that will be applicable for a given situation in an organization There are many leadership theories and models on Leadership. These are as follows: Trait Theory This type of leadership theory is based on the characteristics which relates to the individual behavior. The behaviors which are in relation to leader are intellectual, open for changes attention and the sincerity (Bowden 2013). Functional Theory This theory is based on the understanding that the leaders need to have followers and look after the fact that their needs are fulfilled. Transactional Theory According to this theory the leader should set the goals for the individual so that it is possible to assess their performances and thereby reward or punish them according to their performance (Tai and Chuang 2014). Transformational Theory This type of theory helps the leaders to look upon the ultimate goal and try to motivate their followers through motivation so that their vision could be achieved. Environmental Theory In this theory the leaders help the members or the group to coordinate with each other to achieve the goal. This helps the individual to achieve the required goal for the benefit of the group (Brooks and Dunn 2012). Contingency Theory It says that a leader should change its theory according to the situation. There is no such theory which is fixed for any situation. Participative Leadership In this type of theory the decisions are taken with equal participation from all the members who are affected by that particular Great Man Theory This theory helps the people who have the qualities of being born as a leader and those inherent qualities help them to achieve something in life (Christensen, Mackey and Whetten 2014). In my opinion these leadership theories have worked on all level of an organization. Under this type of leadership the leaders creates a vision for the people inspiring them through communication and makes them vulnerable to risk taking. This is an aggressive strategy and I believe this will help the people to raise their temperament and motivate and inspire them. If the people have a clear picture and precise goal it will be easy for them to achieve. A leader who is ethical in nature can build up an environment which is positive. This kind of environment helps in maintaining a strong relation and formation of a strong bond between the leaders and its members (Collins 2012). Personal leadership strengths and weaknesses in relation to the leadership practices I feel that in order to be a great leader who plays a vital role in every operations, one should have certain skills or qualities to motivate the people for betterment. It is to bring out the powers and strength of the team members. The leadership quality in me is that I am confident and strong to help in the improvement of the organization. I am a dynamic and versatile individual who have the potential to help the members to fulfill the goal of improvement and battement of the society (Shaw, Barry and Sainsbury 2013). In this challenging environment and changing lifestyle, it is important to encourage all the people to lead a positive life. With the improvement in the teaching and self improvement it helped me to build certain qualities .As a leader, I have to build the credibility and trust which is necessary for the people to develop themselves. It is important to sit with the people and discuss their particular concerns and problems so as to make them improve in their area. I, as leader am aware about my strengths and weakness (Clapp and Rowlands 2014). In order to a very efficient leader, and be a successful manager, we have to use the power correctly and work in an established area which will help in making appropriate decision. As a leader I am able to manage and have a balance between the optimism and the realism. Weakness of a leader The current weakness of being a leader is that of being adamant person in the team, which is a negative trait and which will de motivate the people and the goals cannot be achieved. As a leader, it will be important for me to set the priorities so as to improve my leadership qualities and so that I will be able to remove the negative traits of focusing on something which is not necessary. As a leader, I shall be accessible to the team and the members and so that the people are encouraged to do something better (Du et al.2013). Currently the biggest weakness as a leader is that, I am facing stagnancy. The stagnant performance of a leader can affect the team so it will be important to focus on things which I can improve by looking at the p.rinciple of great man. In order to improve myself, it is vital to be aware of the changes and change the weakness in me. Nowadays, the people are very sensitive to the situations and there is risk of many factors therefore, as a leader I need to make strategic planning and have decision making ability so that there is proper resource allocation (Ferrell, Fraedrich and Ferrell 2013). Multiple goals and strategies to improve leadership qualities The behavioral patterns that are required to be great leaders are the capability that all leaders need to fulfill the goals and ambition of the company. The leadership behavior and qualities that one should have are as follows: Building of Trust: There is transformational leadership behavior which helps the individual to build trust. It is way by which the individual learns to work in a group and to work with confidence so that the people respect them (Dubrin 2016). Acting with Integrity: To be the leader who is able to have the real sense of ethics and integrity and a person who is able to value the values of the organization. The person shall focus on the moral and ethical consequences of the ethical decision making. Inspiring Others: The leader shall have the capability so that the person is able to inspire others. The person shall speak positively and optimistically so as to achieve their target. The person is able to achieve with confidence the goals of the company Inspiring innovative thinking: It is important to challenge oneself on the capability to question their appropriateness and help in problem solving. A good leader shall have innovative thoughts in completing the relevant assignments. Teaching the people: It is important to on teaching the team and help in the improvement of the skills of the people in the team. The leader helps the people to improve the skills, abilities and to identify the strength of the company To reward the team for achievement: The leader shall assist the people so that the company is able to achieve the target and to satisfy the expectation of the customers. The leader is able to guide the people to achieve the (Fisher and Lovell 2015). Possess the self confidence: The leader is able to possess the self confidence and to continually improve and to influence the people (Paharia and Singh 2016.). The leaders have the quality of being efficient: The leaders are goal driven and they are able to solve the problem efficiently and quickly. Leaders are those who have the quality so that the people follow. The leadership behavior causes them to act. Whether they have a vision for a product, an organization, a people, or a future, thats what inspires them to lead and their followers to action (Hombert et al.2014). Explanation of theoretical and practical justifications of goals on leadership outcomes to support goal strategies In order to justify my thoughts on goals on leadership, I am taking an example of a great leader Warren Buffet, who is a positive person; he is able to deal with all the situations, which was illustrated when the Berkshires share fell down and he was able to tell the people that the companys performance was bad. This was indeed a strong quality in a leader. He is a very positive and powerful person. All the people respect him since he thinks that the situation changes and there will be improvement in the company. He is a very open and honest person who thinks for the betterment of the company (McWilliams 2014). He is indeed a great example of a leader. His leadership skills are beyond his skills of investment and finance; he is very good at communicating effectively with all the people. He has motivated a lot of people to contribute for philanthropic causes. Recommendations provided to help a manager improve their leadership effectiveness I think that to be a great leader one should have the quality of being honest and being ethical and the chances are that more people having leadership quality are preferred. The followers want a leader who leads him, he should be honest and who respects others. If the leader is dishonest and unethical, in that case they may set a kind of personality for themselves that all may not like or prefer .The followers want their leaders to set an example in front of them (Hartman, DesJardins and MacDonald 2014). This theory which helps the manager to improve on the effectiveness of leadership: Inspirational Motivation In the Transformational leadership which provides for the mission and values and vision to the people. It gives us a sense of motivation and challenge to perform well. This positive attitude helps us to boost our moral. Intellectual Stimulation It helps to be creative and innovative which help the people to come up with new ideas and to implement these ideas Idealized Influence As a leader I will act as a role model to inspire the people as a part of the process so that it influences the people to strive for the best performance and achieving goals Individual Consideration The leaders should reward the people in their creativity and achievements which will further motivate them to keep up their performance (Shapiro and Stefkovich 2016). Conclusion I learned that the great quality of a leader is who leads the group; he is the person who motivates the group and gets it going. The role of the leader is very important, as he has the responsibility of the group on his shoulder. In leading the group I feel that they have much kind of roles, sometimes the leader leads from the front sometimes the leader stays at the back and motivates the group member to move forward. In the history the great leaders have played many different roles their strategy may have been different, but their goal was the same. They did everything for the betterment for the group, economics betterment of the society as a common cause. I feel from the study that the responsibility of leaders is to inculcate certain skills or qualities within its disciples or within ourselves so that the ethical behavior of the leaders can contribute in the development of the society. A leader who is ethical in nature can build up an environment which is positive. This kind of environment helps in maintaining a strong relation and formation of a strong bond between the leaders and its members. The relationship can help to develop the quality of the individual. A great leader can influence people up to such an extent that he may change the person for the betterment of that person. References Arnold, DG., Beauchamp, TL and Bowie, NE 2013, Ethical theory and business, 9th edn, Pearson, Boston, MA. Boatright, JR 2012, Ethics and the conduct of business, 7th edn, Pearson, Boston, MA. Bowden, P 2013 Applied Ethics: Strengthening Ethical Practices Tilde University Press, Prahran Brooks, LJ and Dunn, P 2012 Business and professional ethics for directors, executives and accountant, 6th edn, Cengage Learning, Mason, OH. Christensen, L.J., Mackey, A. and Whetten, D., 2014. Taking responsibility for corporate social responsibility: The role of leaders in creating, implementing, sustaining, or avoiding socially responsible firm behaviors.The Academy of Management Perspectives,28(2), pp.164-178. Clapp, J. and Rowlands, I.H., 2014. Corporate social responsibility.The Essential Guide to Global Environmental Governance. Routledge: London, pp.42-44. Collins, D 2012 Business ethics: how to design and manage ethical organisations, John Wiley Sons, Hoboken, NJ. De George, R 2010 Business ethics, 7th edn, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Du, S., Swaen, V., Lindgreen, A. and Sen, S., 2013. The roles of leadership styles in corporate social responsibility.Journal of business ethics,114(1), pp.155-169. Dubrin, AJ 2016 Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills, 8th edn. South-Western, Cengage Learning. Ferrell, O., Fraedrich, J and Ferrell L 2013 Business ethics: ethical decision making and cases, 9th edn, Cengage Learning, Mason, OH. Fisher, C and Lovell, A 2015 Business ethics and values: individual, corporate and international perspectives, 3rd edn, Prentice Hall, Harlow, UK. Hartman, L.P., DesJardins, J.R. and MacDonald, C., 2014.Business ethics: Decision making for personal integrity and social responsibility. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hombert, J., Thesmar, D., Tahoun, A., Piotroski, J.D., Zhang, T., Lim, J., Minton, B.A. and Weisbach, M.S., 2014. Using the firm-level corporate social responsibility (CSR) ratings of Kinder, Lydenberg, Domini, we find that firms score higher on CSR when they have Democratic rather than Republican founders, CEOs, and directors, and when they are headquartered in Democratic rather than Republican-leaning states. Democratic-leaning firms spend $20 million more on CSR than Republican-leaning firms ($80 million more...Journal of Financial Economics,111(1), pp.158-180. McWilliams, A., 2014. Economics of Corporate Social Responsibility. Edward Elgar Publishing. Paharia, P. and Singh, A., 2016. Ethical Leadership: A Key To Integrate Corporate Social Responsibility And Human Resource Management Practices For Business Sustainability. Shapiro, J.P. and Stefkovich, J.A., 2016.Ethical leadership and decision making in education: Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas. Routledge. Shaw, WH., Barry, V and Sainsbury G 2013 Moral issues in business, 12th end, Wadsworth Engage Learning, Belmont, CA. Suleiman, A.M., Al-Kati, H.T. and Thomas, S.E., 2016. Corporate Social Responsibility.Corporate Social Performance: Reflecting on the Past and investing in the Future, p.15. Tai, F.M. and Chuang, S.H., 2014. Corporate social responsibility.I business,6(03), p.117.